Bug localization refers to the process of identifying and pinpointing the source or specific location of a software bug or defect within a program's codebase. This research area encompasses various techniques and tools that help developers efficiently and effectively locate and fix bugs in software applications. Bug localization methods can involve static analysis, dynamic analysis, program slicing, and other advanced algorithms to narrow down the root cause of a bug and expedite the debugging process. By accurately localizing bugs, software developers can improve the overall quality and reliability of their code, leading to more robust and stable software applications.